Dental students' empathy levels and opinions about attributes for "good dentist": a cohort study

Empathy is fundamental to the physician-patient relationship and influences the clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the dental students' empathy levels and to compare their opinions on attributes of a "good dentist". This cohort research was included 79 dental students volunteering to participate in the study at a public university. The data were collected by the Dökmen's Empathic Tendency Scale (ETS) and Empathic Skill Scale (ESS). In this study, from the orientation day to the end of the third-year, the dental students' ETS mean scores (respectively 69.59 and 68.34) and ESS mean scores (respectively 142.53 and 140.00) showed a decline. At the end of the third-year, starting clinical rotations and taking patient responsibility may lead to decrease the empathy levels of students. The findings of our study show that female students have higher empathy tendency and skill scores compared to male students (p<0.001). In the ranking of the attributes required to be a good dentist, empathy was ranked 4th by the first-year students, while final-years students placed empathy in second rank (p<0.05). According to these results, it is possible to claim that the dentist candidates realized that being empathetic is necessary to be a good dentist.

La empatía es fundamental para la relación médico-paciente e influye en los resultados clínicos. El objetivo de este estudio de cohorte -que incluyó a 79 estudiantes de odontología de una universidad pública que se ofrecieron como voluntarios- fue determinar los niveles de empatía de los estudiantes de odontología y comparar sus opiniones sobre los atributos de un "buen dentista". Los datos se recogieron mediante las Escalas de Tendencia Empática (ETE) y Habilidad Empática (EHE) de Dökmen. Desde el día de orientación hasta el final del tercer año, los puntajes medios ETE de los estudiantes de odontología (69.59 y 68.34, respectivamente) y los puntajes medios de EHE (142.53 y 140.00, respectivamente) mostraron una disminución. Según la literatura, al final del tercer grado, iniciar rotaciones clínicas y asumir la responsabilidad del paciente puede llevar a disminuir los niveles de empatía de los estudiantes. Los hallazgos de nuestro estudio muestran que las estudiantes tienen una mayor tendencia a la empatía y puntajes de habilidad en comparación con los estudiantes (p<0.001). En el ranking de los atributos requeridos para ser un buen dentista, la empatía ocupó el cuarto puesto en estudiantes de primer año, mientras que los de último año colocaron la empatía en segundo lugar (p<0.05). De acuerdo con estos resultados, es posible afirmar que los candidatos a dentistas se dieron cuenta de que ser empáticos es necesario para ser un buen dentista.

A empatia é fundamental na relação médico-paciente e influencia os resultados clínicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os níveis de empatia de estudantes de odontologia e comparar suas opiniões sobre os atributos de um "bom dentista". Esta pesquisa de coorte contou com 79 estudantes de odontologia voluntários para participar do estudo em uma universidade pública. Os dados foram coletados pela Escala de Tendência Empática (ETE) de Dökmen e Escala de Habilidades Empáticas (EHE). Neste estudo, desde o dia da orientação até o final do terceiro ano, os escores médios do ETE dos alunos de odontologia (respectivamente 69,59 e 68,34) e os escores médios do EHE (respectivamente 142,53 e 140,00) apresentaram declínio. No final da terceira série, iniciar os rodízios clínicos e assumir a responsabilidade do paciente pode levar à diminuição dos níveis de empatia dos alunos. Os achados do nosso estudo mostram que os alunos do sexo feminino apresentam maior tendência à empatia e pontuações de habilidades em comparação aos alunos do sexo masculino (p<0,001). No ranking dos atributos necessários para ser um bom dentista, a empatia foi classificada em 4º lugar pelos alunos do primeiro ano, enquanto os alunos do último año colocaram a empatia em segundo lugar (p<0,05). De acordo com esses resultados, é possível afirmar que os candidatos a dentista perceberam que ser empático é necessário para ser um bom dentista.

Knowledge, attitudes, and experiences of a group of turkish dentists regarding child abuse / Conocimientos, actitudes y experiencias de un grupo de dentistas turcos en relación con el abuso infantil

Child abuse is a universal problem with critical lifelong effects. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, experiences of dentists regarding child abuse and to increase relevant awareness of them. A self-administered questionnaire with 48 questions about dentists' personal and educational information and their level of knowledge, attitudes, experiences on child abuse was implemented. Out of targeted 305 participants, 183 (60.0%) returned completely filled out questionnaires. Majority of participants knew signs and symptoms of child abuse. Of the participants, more than half were well-informed on what to do, however, one quarter had no knowledge about where to report in case of child abuse. In identifying child abuse, 39.3% of the participants found themselves inadequate. The most commonly stated reason for low rate of reporting was hesitancy to identify the case as abuse, and all participants needed more training. Only 12 (6.6%) participants suspected a case of child abuse. Dentists who had children and were long-time experienced and generalist did not have sufficient knowledge about legal obligations, signs and symptoms of child abuse (p<0.05). Arrangements and training programs to increase knowledge, awareness, and responsibility levels of dentists about child abuse appear to be a critically important topic.

El abuso infantil es un problema universal con efectos críticos de por vida. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el conocimiento, las actitudes y las experiencias de los dentistas con respecto el abuso infantil y aumentar la conciencia relevante sobre ellos. Se implementó un cuestionario autoadministrado con 48 preguntas sobre información personal y educativa de los odontólogos y su nivel de conocimientos, actitudes, experiencias sobre el abuso infantil. De los 305 participantes seleccionados, 183 (60.0%) devolvieron los cuestionarios completos. La mayoría de los participantes conocían los signos y síntomas del abuso infantil. De los participantes, más de la mitad estaban bien informados sobre qué hacer, sin embargo, una cuarta parte no sabía dónde denunciar en caso de abuso infantil. Al identificar el abuso infantil, el 39.3% de los participantes se encontraron inadecuados. La razón más común para la baja tasa de informes fue la vacilación para identificar el caso como abuso, y todos los participantes necesitaban más capacitación. Solo 12 (6.6%) participantes sospecharon un caso de abuso infantil. Los odontólogos que tenían hijos y eran de larga experiencia y generalistas no tenían suficiente conocimiento sobre las obligaciones legales, signos y síntomas de abuso infantil (p<0,05). Los arreglos y los programas de capacitación para aumentar los niveles de conocimiento, conciencia y responsabilidad de los dentistas sobre el abuso infantil parecen ser un tema de importancia crítica.

Influencing factors and prediction model of neck pain in dentists / 环境与职业医学

Background Dentists are a high-risk population of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), where the body part with the highest prevalence is the neck. Objective To analyze potential influencing factors of neck pain among dentists, and explore a prediction model of neck pain in dentists. Methods Dentists from different hospitals in Fuzhou were selected as study subjects by stratified cluster sampling according to hospital characteristics (dental hospitals, general hospitals, and dental clinics). The basic information, presentation of WMSDs, and its influencing factors were investigated by using the Chinese version of Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire and the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique. A total of 655 questionnaires were collected, of which 603 were valid, with an effective rate of 92.1%. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze potential influencing factors of neck pain in dentists. A prediction model of neck pain of dentists was constructed by using neural network model, and the prediction efficiency of the model was evaluated. Results The neck was the body part with the highest prevalence (43.8%, 264/603) of WMSDs among dentists. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that female (OR=2.709, 95%CI: 1.852-3.962, P <0.001), working age of 10-<20 years (versus <10 years, OR=3.836, 95%CI: 2.471-5.957, P<0.001), keeping head up or down for a long time (OR=8.492, 95%CI: 2.203-32.731, P=0.002), holding head sideways for a long time (OR=2.210, 95%CI: 1.376-3.550, P<0.001), maintaining the same sitting spot for a long time (OR=4.336, 95%CI: 2.192-8.579, P<0.001), and psychological load value ≥70 (versus <40, OR=1.901, 95%CI: 1.038-3.480, P=0.037) increased the risk of neck pain in dentists. Sufficient operating space (OR=0.507, 95%CI: 0.302-0.850, P=0.010) and doing some exercise during work break (OR=0.670, 95%CI: 0.453-0.991, P=0.045) reduced the risk of reporting neck pain among dentists. A neural network prediction model of dentists' neck pain was constructed with 1 hidden layer and 6 hidden layer neurons. The percentage of correct prediction of training set was 89.6%, and the percentage of correct prediction of test set was 83.9%. The order of importance of the independent variables included in the model were working age, holding head sideways for a long time, psychological load, etc. The result of neural network model of neck pain among dentists showed that the area under the curve of receiver operator characteristic (ROC) was 0.940 (95%CI: 0.922-0.958, P<0.001). When the maximum diagnostic value was determined by the ROC curve, the sensitivity was 84.8%, the specificity was 91.2%, and the Youden Index was 0.760. Conclusion Neck pain of dentists is affected by many factors, such as individual factors (gender and working age), ergonomic factors (keeping various postures and operations for a long time, operating space, etc.), psychological factors (different levels of psychological load) and so on. The neural network model can be used as a prediction tool to explore the risk of reporting neck pain among dentists.

A medicalização na prática de dentistas no SUS: um olhar qualitativo para os sentidos da prática / Dentistry medicalization at SUS: a qualitative practice-based perspective

Resumo Este artigo explora sentidos e significados do trabalho odontológico no SUS, no contexto da relação profissional-paciente. Pesquisa qualitativa com 20 cirurgiões-dentistas que atuavam em um município paulista de médio porte, abordada por meio de três grupos focais, com a pergunta disparadora "Qual é o sentido ou significado do seu trabalho, aqui na prefeitura, para você?". O material foi áudio-gravado, transcrito na íntegra e analisado pelo método de análise de conteúdo temática. Procedemos a realização de leitura flutuante, categorização e discussão dos achados junto aos pares de pesquisadores para validação final. Como resultados, aponta-se a construção das categorias 1) Estranheza às necessidades percebidas pelos pacientes e a consequente medicalização da vida, e 2) Poder e consumo como significados da prática. O trabalho do cirurgião dentista, nesse contexto, evidenciou as diferenças entre as necessidades percebidas pelo paciente e aquelas que o dentista considera. Além disso, revelou o poder que emana da assimetria entre paciente e profissional como dificultador da produção de autonomia do paciente. Tais significações parecem trazer sofrimento para esses profissionais no seu trabalho. Concluiu-se que há necessidade de reflexão sobre o trabalho em saúde como forma de se evitar sofrimento, e que a prática desses dentistas é carregada de sentidos e significados.

Abstract This study explores the senses and meanings attributed to dental work in the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) focusing on dentist-patient relations. A qualitative research was conducted with 20 dentists working in a medium-sized municipality in São Paulo, divided into three focus groups and asked the guiding question "What sense or meaning do you attribute to your work here in the city?" Data were audio-recorded, fully transcribed, and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Floating reading, categorization, and peer discussion of the findings were performed for the final validation, resulting in two categories: 1) Strangeness to patients' needs and the subsequent medicalization of life, and 2) Power and consumption as meanings of practice. In this context, the dental practices showed the differences between patients' needs and those considered relevant by dentists. It also showed the power imbalance between patients and professionals as a hindrance to patients' autonomy. Such meanings seem to cause suffering to these professionals. In conclusion, reflections on health work are paramount to avoid suffering and understand that the practice of these dentists bears many senses and meanings.

Contribución de la ética convergente en la enseñanza de la odontología / Contribution of convergent ethics in the teaching of dentistry

Objetivo: refexionar sobre la aplicación de la ética convergente en la práctica odontológica de pregrado para comprender las tensiones entre los principios cardinales que pueden suscitarse en la relación estudiante-paciente. Métodos: se exponen los fundamentos teóricos de la ética convergente y se relacionan las tensiones bio(éticas) que propone con un ejemplo en la práctica formativa estudiante-paciente de odontología. Resultados: se desarrolló una articulación de la ética convergente con un caso práctico en odontología. Conclusión: la ética convergente puede brindar un punto de partida para aplicar el análisis bioético en la práctica clínica odontológica, por parte del estudiante.

Objective: To refect on the application of convergent ethics in undergraduate dental practice to understand the tensions between the cardinal principles that can arise in the student-patient relationship. Methods: The theoretical foundations of convergent ethics are exposed and the bio(ethical) tensions proposed in convergent ethics are related to an example of their application in the dental student-patient training practice. Results: An articulation of convergent ethics was developed with a practical case in dentistry. Conclusion: Convergent ethics can provide a starting point to apply bioethical analysis in the clinical practice of dental students.

Dentist During Covid: A Bitter Sweet Victory

Introduction: During the second wave of COVID pandemic, due to the increase in number of admissions, we were posted in the COVID ward for a period of 15 days. Description: This communication presents a brief about my experience in the ward and the duties performed. Conclusion: Looking through silver linings, this experience can help reorient the education in the field of oral pathology for the future.

Assessment of Biological Risk among Dentists during the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The health and life of a healthcare worker are repeatedly under threat due to the rising number of epidemics and pandemics. The COVID?19 pandemic is said to be fatal in people with a risky biological, demographic profile and working environment. This study is the first of its kind carried out on the dentist population from India, who were most affected during the COVID?19 pandemic. Aims and Objective: The present study aims to assess the biological risk of dentists based on the objective risk stratification (ORS) tool developed by Strain et al. Materials and Methods: This was a cross?sectional study of dentists in government dental colleges of Kerala using the online form of the ORS tool consisting of questions which included certain demographic characteristics and comorbid conditions of the individual. An additional question was added to the tool, to categorise the work of the dentist depending on the exposure to aerosol (non?aerosol, minimal aerosol and aerosol). Results: Out of the 74 dentists, 48.6% reported high aerosol and 31% with minimal aerosol. The median score of the study participants was 2 (ranging from 1 to 12). Using the ORS tool, 16.2% had medium risk and only 2.7% had high risk. When the ORS tool was stratified with the aerosol generation, 5.4% had minimal and 6.7% had significant with medium?risk scores. Also, 2.7% with a high?risk score had minimal aerosol generation. Conclusion: Identifying the high?risk category to allocate duties accordingly and decrease the morbidity and mortality among dentists has to be kept a top priority in the event of a pandemic.

Percepção e atitude do cirurgião-dentista diante do atendimento emergencial a mulheres em situação de violência: uma revisão de escopo / Dentists' perceptions and attitudes towards emergency care for women in situations of violence: a scope review

Resumo Avaliar por meio de uma revisão de escopo estudos que abordam a percepção e atitude do cirurgião-dentista diante do atendimento a mulheres em situação de violência. Utilizando os descritores women violence, dentist attendence ou dentist care, foram identificados 473 artigos, sendo incluídos 13, ao final da seleção. Embora a necessidade de capacitação tenha sido predominante, ela não é suficiente. Existe uma fragilidade em se compreender a violência como problema de saúde, de entender o papel do profissional na solução desse problema, os fatores que podem contribuir com seu crescimento ou seu controle. Os resultados revelaram que o cirurgião-dentista apresentou maior dificuldade do que os outros profissionais no enfrentamento e exigem um amplo aprendizado. O reconhecimento dos referidos casos pelo cirurgião-dentista exige a incorporação de medidas educativas que provoquem mudanças culturais, desconstrução de normas de gênero e a desnaturalização desse fenômeno social.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate, through a scope review, studies that address the perceptions and attitudes of dentists regarding the care of women in situations of violence. Using the descriptors women violence, dentist attendance or dentist care, 473 articles were identified, of which 13 were included at the end of the selection process. Although the need for training was predominant, it was not sufficient. There is a weakness in understanding violence as a health problem, in understanding the role of the professional in solving this problem, and the factors that can contribute to its growth or its control. The results revealed that the dentist had greater difficulty than other professionals in coping with the issue and required extensive training. The recognition of these cases of abuse by the dentist requires the incorporation of educational measures that cause cultural changes, deconstruction of gender norms and the denaturalization of this social phenomenon.

Characterization of allergic manifestations in dental professionals / Caracterización de manifestaciones alérgicas de profesionales en Odontología

Abstract The aim was to determine the prevalence and types of the allergies present among dental professionals in Costa Rica. We performed a cross-sectional study on 664 dentists who completed a self-reported questionnaire. A descriptive cross-sectional study with inferential analysis was carried out. Dentists reported allergies prior to studying dentistry in 39% of cases, 36% reported chronic illnesses, and 61% of the dentists reported first-degree relatives with some type of allergic reaction. Different allergies had a similar prevalence among the dental professionals (ranging between 19%-26%), all allergic manifestations occurred within the first 120 minutes after exposure. The average time of exposure to dentistry-related environments was 16 years (95% CI) among all the dentists surveyed. There is a positive correlation between the presence of a chronic illness and the predisposition to develop allergic reactions among dentists. In addition, there is a directly proportional relationship between age, time of exposure to dental environments, and the risk of developing allergic conditions to dental materials. The main adverse reactions reported due to exposure to dental materials, medicines and/or food were gastrointestinal, skin, and respiratory problems.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y tipo de alergias presentes entre los odontólogos en Costa Rica. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo en 664 dentistas que completaron un cuestionario, utilizando análisis inferencial para el procesamiento de los resultados. Los odontólogos reportaron alergias previo a estudiar odontología en un 39% de los casos, el 36% informó enfermedades crónicas y el 61% de los dentistas mencionó tener familiares en primer grado que habían presentado algún tipo de reacción alérgica. Diferentes tipos de alergias tuvieron una prevalencia similar entre los odontólogos (oscilando entre el 19% y el 26%), todas las manifestaciones alérgicas ocurrieron dentro de los primeros 120 minutos después de la exposición al alergeno. El tiempo medio de exposición a entornos relacionados con la odontología fue de 16 años (IC del 95%) entre todos los dentistas encuestados. Existe una correlación positiva entre la presencia de una enfermedad crónica y la predisposición a desarrollar reacciones alérgicas entre los dentistas. Además, existe una relación directamente proporcional entre edad, tiempo de exposición a entornos dentales, y el riesgo de desarrollar reacciones alérgicas a los materiales dentales. Las principales reacciones adversas notificadas posterior a la exposición a materiales dentales, medicamentos y/o alimentos fueron problemas gastrointestinales, cutáneos y respiratorios.

Conocimiento, percepción y actitudes de las medidas de prevención relacionadas al COVID-19 entre los odontólogos de distintos distritos de Lima, Perú de mayor y menor número de contagiados / Knowledge, perception and attitudes of prevention measures related to COVID-19 among dentists from different districts of Lima, Peru with the highest and lowest number of infected

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar si existen diferencias entre conocimientos, percepción y actitudes de las medidas de prevención relacionadas al COVID-19 entre los odontólogos de los distintos distritos de Lima, Perú de mayor y menor número de contagiados. Métodos: El tamaño de muestra fue un total de 117 odontólogos pertenecientes a los distritos de mayor número de contagiados y 125 de los distritos de menor número de contagiados. Estos distritos de ambos extremos se basaron en las tasas de contagio que presentaron en agosto del 2020 según el Ministerio de Salud. Se utilizó un cuestionario como instrumento que constó de 33 preguntas cerradas de opción múltiple y se distribuyó vía redes sociales. Para el análisis univariado, se obtuvo la estadística descriptiva donde se calcularon las medidas de frecuencia absoluta y relativa para las variables dependientes, independientes y covariables. Para el análisis bivariado, se realizó la comparación entre las variables conocimiento, percepción y actitudes con los odontólogos de los distritos con mayor y menor número de contagiados mediante la prueba Chicuadrado. Resultados: Los odontólogos de los distritos de mayor número de contagiados presentan mayores conocimientos sobre los principales síntomas, vías de transmisión y medidas de prevención frente a la COVID-19 a comparación de los odontólogos de los distritos de menor número de contagiados. Además, los de mayor número de contagiados perciben a la COVID-19 como muy peligroso, mientras que los de menor número de contagiados lo perciben moderadamente peligroso y muy peligroso en proporciones iguales. Por último, con respecto a la actitud, los de mayor número de contagiados no atienden a un paciente sospechoso y lo derivan a un centro de salud, mientras que los de menor número de contagiados sí los atienden y los derivan a un centro de salud. Conclusión: Se encontraron diferencias entre conocimientos, percepción y actitudes de las medidas de prevención relacionadas al COVID-19 entre los odontólogos de los distintos distritos de Lima, Perú de mayor y menor número de contagiados.

Knowledge, perception and attitudes of prevention measures related to COVID-19 among dentists from different districts of Lima, Peru with the highest and lowest number of infected Abstract Objective: To determine if there are differences between knowledge, perception and attitudes of the prevention measures related to COVID-19 among the dentists of the different districts of Lima, Peru with the highest and lowest number of infection cases. Methods: The sample size was 265 dentists, of which 117 were from the districts with the greatest impact and 148 from the districts with the least impact. These districts of both extremes were based on the contagion rates that they presented in August 2020 according to the Ministry of Health. A questionnaire was used as an instrument and it was distributed via social networks. For the univariate analysis, the descriptive statistics were obtained where the absolute and relative frequency measures were calculated for the dependent, independent and covariate variables. For the bivariate analysis, a comparison was made between the variable's knowledge, perception and attitudes with the dentists of the districts with the highest and lowest number of infected using the Chi-square test. Results: The dentists of the districts with the highest impact have greater knowledge about the main symptoms, transmission routes and prevention measures against COVID-19 compared to the dentists of the districts with the least impact. In addition, those with the greatest impact perceive COVID-19 as very dangerous, while those with the least impact perceive it as moderately dangerous and very dangerous in equal proportions. Finally, with regard to attitude, those with the greatest impact do not care for a suspicious patient and refer him to a health center, while those with the least impact do care for them and refer them to a health center. Conclusión: Finally, differences were found between knowledge, perception and attitudes of the prevention measures related to COVID-19 among the dentists of the different districts of Lima, Peru with the highest and lowest number of infected people.

El odontólogo, custodio de la función masticatoria / The dentist, guardian of masticatory function

La masticación tiene como objetivo la adecuada preparación de los alimentos para su deglución y digestión. Cualquier alteración en el sistema estomatognático puede deteriorar la masticación. El odontó- logo es el profesional responsable de mantener y/o restaurar la función masticatoria. La evaluación de la función masticatoria puede hacerse de forma subjetiva utilizando cuestionarios para medir la percepción del paciente sobre su capacidad masticatoria o de forma objetiva analizando la fuerza oclusal, la actividad electromiográfica de los músculos mas- ticadores, la trayectoria de la mandíbula al masticar o la capacidad de trituración de los alimentos. Estos métodos se utilizan en proyectos de investigación, pero en la clínica ¿evaluamos si existe alguna alteración al masticar y al finalizar el tratamiento si cumplimos con el objetivo de restaurar la función masticatoria? ¿Realmente nos preocupamos por mantener y/o restaurar la función masticatoria? Por lo general no, ni en los consultorios, ni en las clínicas universitarias. Es esencial que nos concienticemos de nuestra responsabilidad y para ello es necesario que se le dé mayor peso curricular a la función masticatoria y cómo evaluarla. Seamos realmente custodios de la función masticatoria de nuestros pacientes (AU)

The goal of chewing is to properly prepare food for swallowing and digestion. Any problem in the stomatognathic system can deteriorate chewing. The professional responsible of maintaining and/or restoring masticatory function is the dentist. Masticatory function can be evaluated subjectively through questionnaires to measure the patient's perception of his/her masticatory capacity or objectively analyzing occlusal force, the electromyographic activity of the masticatory muscles, the movements of the mandible during chewing or the individual's capacity to breakdown food. These methods are used in research projects but, do we examine if there is any problem during chewing and if we are achieving our goal of restoring masticatory function at the end of the treatment in our offices? Do we really focus on maintaining and/or restoring masticatory function? Not truly, not in our offices or university clinics. It is imperative that we acknowledge our responsibility but for that it is essential that masticatory function and how to evaluate it is given more weight in the curriculum. Let us be genuine guardians of the masticatory function of our patients (AU)

Assessment of anxiety levels in children aged 4–9 years about the pediatric dentists donning a personal protective equipment during treatment in the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: Managing anxiety in children during the pandemic will be a concern for many pediatric dentists. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the anxiety levels in children aged between 4 and 9 years about the pediatric dentists donning a personal protective equipment (PPE) for dental treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic era in Bengaluru. Materials and Methods: The study was done in two parts with a sample size of 100 each. The first part was a questionnaire-based survey addressed to the pediatric dentists practicing in Bengaluru. The second part of the study was clinical assessment of dental anxiety at three time intervals (T1, T2, and T3) using the animated emoji scale. Results: The study revealed that 87% use preprocedural behavior management post-COVID. Majority of the dentists donned the PPE before conditioning the child (59%) and 41% wore the PPE after conditioning the child. The mean anxiety level in the study children showed an increase in anxiety level at T2 of 3.58 (P < 0.001 ± 1.32) in children aged 4–6 years when compared to T1 and T3 of 3.27 (P < 0.001 ± 1.64) and 3.07 (P < 0.001 ± 1.32), respectively. Conclusion: Children aged between 4 and 6 years showed increased levels of anxiety compared to the 7–9-year age group to the pediatric dentists donning a PPE during treatment in the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatric dentists also showed a satisfactory knowledge regarding disinfection and fumigation procedures.

Percepção de cirurgiões-dentistas em serviços de emergência odontológica: o atendimento a mulheres vítimas de violência interpessoal / Perception of dentists in services of dental emergency: the service to women victims of interpersonal violence

INTRODUÇÃO: A violência configura-se como um fenômeno que vem tomando proporções alarmantes no mundo, sendo considerada internacionalmente como problema de saúde pública e de violação dos direitos humanos das mulheres. A literatura evidencia que dentre os profissionais de saúde, o cirurgião-dentista (CD) apresenta boa chance de identificar os casos de mulheres em situação de violência, uma vez que o exame odontológico envolve a avaliação da cavidade oral e estruturas adjacentes, e o trauma maxilofacial é uma das principais lesões observadas em atendimentos desses casos. Considerando o papel do atendimento em saúde, no reconhecimento e cuidado nesses casos,é de fundamental importância a realização de pesquisas que permitam a ampliação do conhecimento sobre esse fenômeno, sobretudo com relação à atuação do CD. OBJETIVO:Avaliar a percepção e atitude do cirurgião-dentista diante do atendimento a mulheres em situação de violência interpessoal, que apresentaram trauma maxilofacial. MÉTODOS: Estudo qualitativo, realizado por meio de uma revisão de escopo a fim de mapear o que temsido produzido na literatura sobre o cuidado prestado pelo CD, nos serviços emergenciais de saúde, quando do atendimento às mulheres em situação de violência. RESULTADOS:Dos 48 estudos retidos, foram incluídos treze, publicados entre os anos de 2001 e 2018. Dos 13 artigos incluídos, sete foram estudos transversais, dois estudos qualitativos, três revisões de literatura e uma discussão teórica. Seis artigos têm como população os CDs, exclusivamente. Os outros avaliam profissionais de saúde, incluindo os CD. Os resultadosrevelaram que o CD é imprescindível no enfrentamento da violência contra mulher, por sero profissional de saúde que mais tem condições de identificar os referidos casos uma vez que sua área de atuação, cabeça e pescoço, são aquelas em que os sinais de violência estãomais presentes. Entretanto a percepção e atitude do CD diante do atendimento a mulheres em situação de violência interpessoal são falhas e estes profissionais ainda não estão preparados e qualificados para lidar com a problemática. Como parte final do estudo, foi construído um Guia Profissional Orientador para atendimento a mulheres em situação de violência interpessoal. O guia teve como base teórica a revisão de escopo. CONCLUSÕES: O reconhecimento dos casos de mulheres em situação de violência peloCD exige a incorporação de medidas educativas que provoquem mudanças culturais que envolvem o desenvolvimento de ações que visem à desconstrução dos estereótipos, a transformação das normas de gênero e desnaturalização desse fenômeno social peloprofissional CD.

INTRODUCTION: Violence is a phenomenon that has been taking alarming proportions in the world, being internationally considered a public health problem and a violation of women's human rights. The literature shows that among health professionals, the dental surgeon (DC) has a good chance of identifying cases of women in situations of violence, since the dental examination involves the evaluation of the oral cavity and adjacent structures, and trauma maxillofacial is one of the main injuries observed in these cases. Considering the role of healthcare, in the recognition and care in these cases, it is of fundamental importance to carry out research that allows the expansion of knowledge about this phenomenon, especially in relationto the performance of the CD. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dentist's perception and attitude towards the care of women in situations of interpersonal violence, who presented maxillofacialtrauma. METHODS: Qualitative study, carried out through a scope review in order to map what has been produced in the literature on the care provided by the CD, in emergency health services, when caring for women in situations of violence. RESULTS: Of the 48 studies retained, thirteen were included, published between 2001 and 2018. Of the 13 articles included,seven were cross-sectional studies, two were qualitative studies, three were literature reviews and a theoretical discussion. Six articles have CDs as their population exclusively. The others evaluate health professionals, including the DCs. The results revealed that the CD is essential in the fight against violence against women, as it is the health professional who is most able toidentify these cases, since their area of activity, head and neck, are those in which the signs of violence are more present. However, the perception and attitude of the CD regarding the care of women in situations of interpersonal violence are flaws and these professionals are still not prepared and qualified to deal with the problem. As a final part of the study, a Professional Guiding Guide was created to assist women in situations of interpersonal violence. The guide was theoretically based on the scope review. CONCLUSIONS: The recognition of cases of women in situations of violence by the CD requires the incorporation of educational measuresthat provoke cultural changes that involve the development of actions aimed at the deconstruction of stereotypes, the transformation of gender norms and the denaturalization of this social phenomenon by the professional CD.

The referral pattern of patients to periodontists by general dentists / O padrão de encaminhamento de pacientes para periodontistas por clínicos gerais

Objetivo: O sucesso da terapia periodontal requer um relacionamento adequado entre o clínico geral e o periodontista. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar, por meio de um questionário, o padrão de encaminhamento de pacientes por dentistas clínicos gerais a periodontistas em Yazd, Irã. Material e Métodos: Este estudo transversal descritivo foi realizado na forma de uma pesquisa incluindo 145 dentistas licenciados em Yazd. Foi elaborado um questionário composto por sete questões com subquestões. Resultados: 89% dos cirurgiões-dentistas encaminham o paciente ao periodontista. A recessão gengival foi o motivo mais frequente de encaminhamento (69,7%), enquanto o sangramento gengival foi o menos frequente (13,1%). Em termos de procedimentos cirúrgicos, os procedimentos mais frequentes para encaminhamentos foram terapias de periimplantite e aumento de rebordo. O encaminhamento realizado por dentistas do gênero feminino foi de 95,9% e pelo gênero masculino foi de 81,7%. O número de pacientes encaminhados por dentistas que atuavam simultaneamente em clínicas privadas e públicas foi maior do que aqueles que atuavam apenas em clínicas privadas ou públicas. O maior percentual de encaminhamento foi no grupo de cirurgiões-dentistas com menos de 5 anos de experiência, com ligeira diferença daqueles com mais de 10 anos de experiência. Apenas 26,1% dos entrevistados relataram ter participado de programas de reciclagem. Conclusão: É necessário que os dentistas gerais considerem os sinais primários da doença periodontal e encaminhem os pacientes mais graves em estágios iniciais para fornecer um resultado ideal a longo prazo para os pacientes.(AU)

Objective: The successful periodontal therapy needs a proper relationship between general dentist and periodontist. The aim of this study was to determine the referral pattern of patients to periodontists by general dentists in Yazd, Iran, by means of a questionnaire. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the form of a survey among 145 licensed general dental practitioners in Yazd, Iran. A questionnaire comprising of seven questions with sub-questions was prepared. Results: 89% of dentists have referred patient to periodontist. Gingival recession was the most frequent reason for referring (69.7%) and the least was gingival bleeding (13.1%). The most frequent surgical procedure for what patients have been referred were peri-implantitis therapy and ridge augmentation. Referral status to periodontist for female dentists was 95.9% and for male dentists was 81.7%. The number of referred patients form the dentists who were practicing simultaneously at both private and public clinics was higher than those who were practicing only at private or public clinics. The most referral percentage was in the group of dentists with less than 5 years of experience with a slight difference from those with more than 10 years of experience. Only 26.1% of the respondents have participated in retraining programs. Conclusion: There is a need for general dentists to consider the primary signs of periodontal disease and necessity of referring the patients in early stages more serious, to provide an optimal long-term outcome for patients. (AU)

The funding system of American dentist scientist and its enlightenment / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:To provide reference for the cultivation of stomatologist scientists in China by comparison and learning from the development of dental scientist training funding system in the United States.Methods:The development, training funding system and evaluation system of dental scientists in the United States were analyzed through literature review, and compared with the training of dental scientists in Chinese context.Results:The training of American dental scientists started early, and the funding system covered the whole process of dental students' learning and career choice; tailored measurements were adopted to deal with challenges and difficulties during the training process. On the other hand, the training of stomatologist scientists in China started late, the methods are diverse but uneven. In this paper, it is proposed to enhance the training by strengthening the construction of the training and funding system of stomatologist scientists, encouraging the collaboration between professional societies and colleges and universities, establishing specific funds and balancing the weight of clinical and scientific research in the teaching system.Conclusions:The funding system for the training of dental scientists in the United States can be used as a reference for optimizing the training of dental scientists in China.

Medo odontológico e saúde bucal: avaliação transversal do ciclo do medo entre universitários brasileiros / Dental fear and oral health: cross-sectional evaluation of the cycle of dental fear theory among Brazilian undergraduate students

Objetivo: Avaliar a presença do medo odontológico em universitários brasileiros e observar se a teoria do ciclo vicioso do medo é identificada nesta população. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com universitários ingressantes na Universidade Federal de Pelotas em 2016. Os dados sociodemográficos, medo odontológico, o uso de serviços odontológicos, a percepção de cárie e dor dentária foram coletados através de um questionário auto--administrado. A exposição do estudo foi medo odontológico, e os desfechos incluíram padrão de consulta odontológica, experiência de cárie e dor dentária e autopercepção de saúde bucal. Características sociodemográficas foram incluídas como fatores de confusão. Para testar a associação do medo odontológico com os desfechos, foram utilizados modelos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, a fim de estimar as Razões de Prevalência e Intervalos de Confiança. Resultados: Foram avaliados 2.014 universitários, dos quais 22.4% reportaram medo odontológico. Aqueles que reportaram medo odontológico apresentaram uma maior prevalência de não terem ido ao dentista no último ano e, entre os que consultaram, a visita ter sido motivada por dor/problema. Adicionalmente, ter medo aumentou a presença de cárie, dor dentária e autorrelato da saúde bucal negativa. Discussão: Os achados sugerem a presença do ciclo vicioso do medo nesta população de universitários do sul do Brasil. Conclusão: Evidenciou-se a associação entre a presença de medo odontológico e a menor procura por atendimento odontológico, a presença de cárie dentária, dor dentária e saúde bucal autorreportada negativa, corroborando com a teoria do ciclo do medo.

Aim: To evaluate the presence of dental fear among Brazilian undergraduate students and to observe whether the cycle of dental fear theory applies to this population. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study were conducted with first year students of the Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil, in 2016. Sociodemographic data, dental fear, as well as the use of dental services and perception of caries and dental pain were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. The exposure was dental fear, and the outcomes included dental visit pattern, experience of dental caries and dental fear and self-rated oral health (SROH). Sociodemographic characteristics were included as aconfounding factor. To test the association between dental fear and the outcomes, Poisson regression models with robust variance were used, to estimate Prevalence Rations and Confidence Intervals. Results: 2,014 undergraduate students were evaluated and 22.4% of them reported dental fear. Those who reported dental fear had a higher prevalence of not visiting the dentist in the last year and, among those who visited, to have had only a pain/problem-oriented visit. Additionally, having fear increased the presence of dental caries, dental pain and negative SROH. Discussion: Our findings suggest the presence of the vicious cycle of dental fear in this population of undergraduate students in southern Brazil. Conclusion: This study provided evidence on the association between dental fear and the lower frequency of dental visit, dental caries, dental pain experience and negative SROH, corroborating with the cycle of dental fear theory.

Riesgo biomecánico por sobrecarga estática y presencia de trastornos musculoesqueléticos en odontólogos durante su práctica clínica asistencial. Una revisión narrativa / Ergonomic risk by static overload and musculoskeletal disorders in dental practice: a review / Risco biomecânico devido a sobrecarga estática e presença de distúrbios musculosqueléticos em dentistas durante sua prática clínica de assistência. Uma revisão narrativa

Resumen Los trastornos musculoesqueléticos son lesiones que afectan el movimiento corporal, incluyendo músculos, tendones, ligamentos, entre otros. Estos trastornos son unos de los problemas más importantes en la práctica clínica odontológica, ocasionados en su mayoría por sobrecarga física tanto dinámica como estática, en particular para esta última, toma relevancia la postura mantenida en posición bípeda o sedente durante la realización de procedimientos extremadamente precisos en un espacio de trabajo tan pequeño como lo es la cavidad oral; por esto, se pretende con base en la literatura existente, describir el riesgo biomecánico por sobrecarga estática y los trastornos musculoesqueléticos en odontólogos. Con esta intención se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica al respecto en español e inglés de productos de investigación de los últimos diez años, utilizando descriptores DeCS y MeSH, en fuentes académicas y científicas de Pubmed, Medline, Scopus y Google académico en donde se seleccionaron 50 artículos teniendo como resultado principal que si existe una relación entre riesgo biomecánico y sobrecarga estática con la aparición de trastornos musculoesqueléticos.

Abstract Musculoskeletal disorders are injuries that affect body movement, including muscles, tendons, ligaments, among others. These disorders are one of the most important problems in dental clinical practice, caused mostly by static overload due to prolonged posture in a standing or sitting position when performing extremely precise procedures in a workspace as small as the oral cavity; For this reason, based on the existing literature, it is intended to describe the biomechanical risk due to static overload and musculoskeletal disorders in dentists. With this intention, a narrative review of the scientific literature on the matter in Spanish and English of research products of the last ten years was carried out using DeCS and MeSH descriptors, in academic and scientific sources of PubMed, Medline, Scopus and academic Google in where 50 articles were selected, the main result being that there is a relationship between biomechanics factors and static overload with the use appearance of musculoskeletal disorders.

Resumo As desordens musculoesqueléticas são lesões que afetam os movimentos do corpo, incluindo músculos, tendões, ligamentos, entre outros. Esses distúrbios constituem um dos problemas mais importantes na prática clínica odontológica, ocasionados principalmente pela sobrecarga física, tanto dinâmica quanto estática, em particular para esta última, torna-se relevante a postura mantida na posição bípede ou sentada durante procedimentos extremamente precisos. tão pequeno quanto a cavidade oral; Portanto, pretende-se, com base na literatura existente, descrever o risco biomecânico devido à sobrecarga estática e distúrbios musculoesqueléticos em dentistas. Com esse intuito, foi realizada uma revisão narrativa da produção científica sobre o assunto, em espanhol e inglês, de produtos de pesquisa dos últimos dez anos, utilizando os descritores DeCS e MeSH, em fontes acadêmicas e científicas do Pubmed, Medline, Scopus e Google acadêmico onde foram selecionados 50 artigos, sendo que o principal resultado é que existe uma relação entre o risco biomecânico e a sobrecarga estática com o aparecimento de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos.

COVID-19: ¿una oportunidad para la toma de conciencia sobre el cuidado integral del odontólogo? / COVID-19: An opportunity to raise awareness about dentists' holistic wellbeing?

La pandemia de COVID-19 generó en la comunidad odon- tológica argentina un profundo desconcierto e incertidumbre frente a su práctica profesional, su economía y su cuidado. Mediante un cuestionario difundido a través de redes so- ciales en octubre de 2020, se formularon preguntas vinculadas al ejercicio profesional en ese contexto y otras en las que se incluyeron variables referidas a signos de ansiedad, depresión y resiliencia. Los odontólogos presentaron signos de estrés, ansiedad, tensión emocional, dificultad para conciliar el sueño, senti- mientos de culpa y sensación de soledad. Manifestaron casi en su totalidad que su esfuerzo y el cuidado de su persona frente a este nuevo paradigma no son valorados por el sistema de salud y que se evidencia en la escasa retribución que perciben por sus prestaciones. Las conclusiones tienen el mandato del cambio pues los datos arrojados por la encuesta y el sentir manifestado con vehemencia y desolación ponen sobre la mesa la necesidad de iniciar una nueva etapa (AU)

The COVID-19 pandemic created a profound state of be- wilderment and uncertainty among dentists regarding their professional practice, economy and personal care. An online survey posted on social media in October 2020 asked ques- tions about professional practice in this context and other variables such as signs of anxiety, depression and resilience. Dentists reported signs of stress, anxiety, emotional tension, difficulty to get to sleep, and feelings of guilt and loneliness. Most of them felt that the efforts they made to do their job and ensure their personal care in this new paradigm were not valued by the healthcare system, as reflected by the low compensation for their services. From the data obtained through the survey and the feelings of vehemence and grief expressed by respondents, it is concluded there is a need for action and change (AU)

Dentist's preferences on vital and nonvital tooth bleaching: findings from a Guatemalan survey

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate if the Guatemalan dentist's options on tooth bleaching could be influenced by their time in clinical practice, the level of specialization or their working place. Methods: A representative sample of dentists working in clinical practice in Guatemala was selected. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire with information related to gender, professional characteristics (time since graduation in years and working place) and preferences regarding vital (at-home or in-office; type and concentration of bleaching agent) and the nonvital tooth bleaching (bleaching agent used). The analysis was performed and the association between preference for bleaching technique and independent variables were investigated using Fisher's exact test. Results: 200 dentists were interviewed. More than half of dentists were male (57.0%) with time since graduation between 11 and 20 years (n= 64; 32.3%). Dentists mostly (60.5%) preferred in-office technique for vital bleaching, with 10-20% Carbamide peroxide (CP) as the preferred agent (50%). For nonvital teeth, the preferred agent (46.8%) was 37% Hydrogen Peroxide (HP). About the associations, younger dentists (< 20 years of graduation) selected mostly in-office technique, while those with more than 20 years indicated more the at-home technique. Also, the dentists working in private practice chose more frequently in-office technique. Thus, the in-office technique was more popular among Guatemalan dentists, with 10-20% CP and 37% HP selected as favorite bleaching agents for vital and nonvital techniques, respectively. Conclusion: The time of clinical practice and working place influenced some choices

Nível de conhecimento dos odontopediatras e endodontistas de Ilhéus-BA quanto ao procedimento de revascularização pulpar / Level of knowledge of pediatric dentists and endodontists of Ilheus-BA regarding the pulp revascularization procedure

Dentes necrosados com rizogêneze incompleta representam um desafio para os endodontistas e odontopediatras, visto que as paredes radiculares desses dentes são mais finas, o que as tornam mais susceptíveis a fraturas. Durante muitos anos a técnica preconizada foi a apicificação que ainda é bastante utilizada. Nesta técnica são realizadas trocas constantes de medicação intracanal. O dente continua fragilizado e existe o risco do paciente não concluir o tratamento já que tal técnica demanda várias sessões clínicas. Com os avanços da ciência, surge a revascularização pulpar, trazendo vários beneficíos, entre os quais estão a continuidade apical e o ganho de espessura das paredes, além do benefício de conclusão do tratamento em uma ou duas sessões. Entretanto é necessária sua proservação que leva em média dois anos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o nível de conhecimento dos odontopediatras e endodontistas do município de Ilhéus-Bahia, frente a casos de necrose pulpar de dentes com formação radicular incompleta. O método e forma de análise de dados foram de um estudo observacional, transversal, realizado em consultórios do município de Ilhéus-BA que foram selecionados por amostragem aleatória. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário contendo 10 questões de múltipla escolha sobre revascularização pulpar, especialização do profissional e tempo de formação. 20 profissionais aceitaram participar da pesquisa. Desses, 10% não sabiam ou nunca tinham ouvido falar sobre a revascularização pulpar. Conclui-se que ainda existem especialistas no Município de Ilhéus-BA que apresentam conhecimento insuficiente sobre a terapia endodôntica regenerativa, sendo que os mesmos deveriam ter conhecimento desta técnica já que são os profissionais que prestam o atendimento ao paciente jovem com dentes necrosados, reforçando a necessidade de elaboração de estratégia de conscientização e educação de saúde para habilitação e atualização dos mesmos(AU)

Necrotic teeth with incomplete rizogenesis representa challenge for endodontists and pediatric dentists, since the root walls of these teeth are thinner, which makes them more susceptible to fractures. For many years the recommended technique was apexification, which is still widely used. In this technique, constant changes of intracanal medication are performed. The tooth remains fragile and there is a risk that the patient will not complete the treatment as this technique requires several clinical sessions. With advances in science, pulp revascularization appears, bringing several benefits, among which are the apical continuity and the gain in thickness of the walls, in addition to the benefit of completing the treatment in one or two sessions. However, its preservation is necessary, which takes on average two years. The objective of this research was to evaluate the level of knowledge of pediatric dentists and endodontists in the municipality of Ilhéus-Bahia, in the face of cases of pulp necrosis of teeth with incomplete root formation. The method and form of data analysis were from an observational, cross-sectional study, carried out in offices in the municipality of Ilheus-BA that were selected by random sampling. Data were collected through a questionnaire containing 10 multiple-choice questions about pulp revascularization, professional specialization and training time. 20 professionals agreed to participate in the research. Of these, 10% did not know or had never heard of pulp revascularization. It is concluded that there are still specialists in the municipality of Ilhéus-BA who have insufficient knowledge about regenerative endodontic therapy, and they should have knowledge of this technique since they are the professionals who provide care to young patients with necrotic teeth, reinforcing the need to develop a health awareness and education strategy to enable and update them(AU)